POLA PATOGEN DAN ANTIBIOGRAM DI RUMAH SAKIT IBNU SINA MAKASSAR
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Infeksi bakteri di lingkungan rumah sakit masih menjadi permasalahan yang signifikan, di mana pola distribusi dan resistensi bakteri mempengaruhi pengelolaan terapi antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis distribusi patogen dan antibiogram (pola resistensi antibiotik) pada pasien rawat inap, rawat jalan, dan ICU di RS Ibnu Sina Makassar periode Januari–Juni 2024. Desain penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional menggunakan 246 data hasil kultur positif dari berbagai spesimen klinis (sputum, darah, pus, bilas bronkus, urine, jaringan, dan cairan pleura) dianalisis menggunakan software WHONET 2024 versi 5.6 Hasil menunjukkan sputum sebagai spesimen terbanyak (43,1%), diikuti darah (29,3%) dan pus (20,3%). Terdapat perbedaan pola patogen di setiap lokasi penelitian. Untuk isolat gram positif, Staphylococcus sp. mendominasi rawat inap (92%) dan ICU(75%) Patogen utama isolat gram negatif di rawat inap adalah Klebsiella sp. (25%), Salmonella sp (30%) di ICU dan Escherichia coli (50%) di rawat jalan. Antibiogram mengungkap resistensi tinggi terhadap antibiotik beta-laktam pada patogen Gram-positif dan negatif, dengan sensitivitas relatif tinggi terhadap Gentamicin, Levofloxacin, dan Erythromycin. Pola patogen dan antibiogram yang bervariasi antara unit rawat inap, rawat jalan, dan ICU, menekankan pentingnya pemantauan pola resistensi bakteri untuk mencegah penyebaran infeksi dan mendukung pengobatan yang lebih efektif.
KATA KUNCI: POLA PATOGEN, ANTIBIOGRAM, ANTIBIOTIK, RESISTENSI, RUMAH SAKIT
ABSTRACT
Bacterial infections in hospital environments remain a significant concern, as the distribution and resistance patterns of bacteria critically impact the management of antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to analyze the distribution of pathogens and the antibiogram (antibiotic resistance patterns) among inpatients, outpatients, and ICU patients at Ibnu Sina Hospital, Makassar, during the period of January–June 2024. This descriptive study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing 246 positive culture results from various clinical specimens (sputum, blood, pus, bronchial lavage, urine, tissue, and pleural fluid), which were analyzed using WHONET 2024 software version 5.6. The results revealed that sputum was the most frequently collected specimen (43.1%), followed by blood (29.3%) and pus (20.3%). Distinct pathogen patterns were observed across different hospital units. Among Gram-positive isolates, Staphylococcus spp. dominated in inpatients (92%) and ICU patients (75%). For Gram-negative isolates, Klebsiella spp. (25%) were predominant in inpatients, Salmonella spp. (30%) in ICU patients, and Escherichia coli (50%) in outpatients. The antibiogram revealed a high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, while relatively high sensitivity was observed to Gentamicin, Levofloxacin, and Erythromycin. The varying pathogen distribution and resistance patterns across inpatient, outpatient, and ICU units emphasize the critical need for continuous monitoring of bacterial resistance to prevent infection spread and support more effective treatment strategies.
KEYWORDS: PATHOGEN PATTERNS, ANTIBIOGRAM, ANTIBIOTICS, RESISTANCE, HOSPITAL
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