UJI KUALITATIF DAN KUANTITATIF DALAM IDENTIFIKASI ALKOHOL PADA KASUS TOKSIKOLOGI FORENSIK: SEBUAH TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Identifikasi etanol dalam toksikologi forensik memegang peranan penting dalam penegakan hukum, terutama dalam kasus kecelakaan lalu lintas, kematian mendadak, atau dugaan keracunan. Dua metode utama yang banyak digunakan dalam konteks ini adalah Conway Microdiffusion sebagai uji kualitatif, serta Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) dan varian headspace-nya (HS-GC-FID) sebagai metode kuantitatif. Tinjauan ini disusun secara sistematis berdasarkan literatur dari basis data PubMed, Scopus, dan sumber lainnya, dengan kriteria inklusi mencakup studi observasional atau eksperimental yang mengevaluasi uji etanol secara laboratorium pada spesimen biologis manusia. Tujuh studi yang relevan dianalisis berdasarkan desain, metode analitik, dan konteks forensik. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa metode Conway dan Toxi-Lab Microdiffusion efektif digunakan sebagai uji skrining awal yang hemat biaya dan cepat, meskipun bersifat semi-kuantitatif dan tidak sah sebagai bukti tunggal di pengadilan. Sebaliknya, metode GC-FID dan HS-GC-FID terbukti akurat dan presisi tinggi, dengan rentang konsentrasi deteksi luas, sensitivitas tinggi (LOD hingga 0.006 g/L), serta valid untuk pembuktian hukum. Dual-column confirmation dan penggunaan standar internal turut memperkuat akurasi dan keabsahan hasil. Metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif saling melengkapi dalam praktik toksikologi forensik modern. Pemilihan metode sangat bergantung pada konteks kasus, sumber daya laboratorium, dan kebutuhan pembuktian hukum. Validasi teknis dan keterpaduan regulasi menjadi kunci keberhasilan implementasi di berbagai yurisdiksi.
ABSTRACT
The identification of ethanol in forensic toxicology plays a crucial role in law enforcement, particularly in cases involving traffic accidents, sudden deaths, or suspected poisoning. Two primary types of methods are widely used in this context: Conway Microdiffusion, as a qualitative test, and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) along with its headspace variant (HS-GC-FID), as quantitative methods. This review was systematically compiled based on literature from the PubMed, Scopus, and other databases, with inclusion criteria encompassing observational or experimental studies that evaluated laboratory-based ethanol testing in human biological specimens. Seven relevant studies were analysed according to their study design, analytical methods, and forensic context. The results indicate that the Conway and Toxi-Lab Microdiffusion methods are effective as cost-efficient and rapid initial screening tests, although they are semi-quantitative in nature and not legally admissible as sole evidence in court. In contrast, GC-FID and HS-GC-FID methods have demonstrated high accuracy and precision, with a wide detection concentration range, high sensitivity (limit of detection as low as 0.006 g/L), and are legally valid for forensic confirmation purposes. The use of dual-column confirmation and internal standards further enhances the accuracy and validity of the results. Qualitative and quantitative methods are complementary in modern forensic toxicology practice. The selection of methods depends heavily on the case context, laboratory resources, and legal evidentiary requirements. Technical validation and harmonization of regulations are key to successful implementation across different jurisdictions.
Downloads
References
P. J. Perry, S. Doroudgar, and P. V. Dyke, “Ethanol Forensic Toxicology”.
L. Mubarokah and M. R. S. Efendi, “Qualitative and Quantitative Identification of Alcohol using the Conway Microdiffusion Method and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC- FID) on Evidence at the East Java Regional Police (Polda) Forensic Laboratory,” 2024.
E. Bernal, “Determination of Volatile Substances in Forensic Samples by Static Headspace Gas Chromatography,” in Gas Chromatography in Plant Science, Wine Technology, Toxicology and Some Specific Applications, B. Salih, Ed., InTech, 2012. doi: 10.5772/31758.
R. A. Cox and J. A. Crifasi, “A Comparison of a Commercial Microdiffusion Method and Gas Chromatography for Ethanol Analysis,” Journal of Analytical Toxicology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 211–212, Jul. 1990, doi: 10.1093/jat/14.4.211.
D. Dorubeţ, C. Mircea, and E. Butnaru, “Validation of a GC/HS method for ethanol quantitative analysis using as intenral standard tert-butanol,” Farmacia, vol. 59, 2011.
E. Kostic, M. Vujovic, and B. Milosavljevic, “Validation of a method for ethanol analysis in biological and non-biological samples and its toxicological application,” Hem Ind, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 175–183, 2021, doi: 10.2298/HEMIND201201016K.
S. Sudhaker and R. Jain, “Effect of using Propanol as internal standard on quantitative determination of ethanol in different biological matrices by head space-Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector,” Madridge J Anal Sci Instrum, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–3, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.18689/mjai-1000101.
L. Taylor et al., “Determination of ethanol in micro-volumes of blood by headspace gas chromatography: Statistical comparison between capillary and venous sampling sites,” Med Sci Law, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 86–96, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1177/0025802420928632.
L. Taylor et al., “Development of a Gas-Tight Syringe Headspace GC-FID Method for the Detection of Ethanol, and a Description of the Legal and Practical Framework for Its Analysis, in Samples of English and Welsh Motorists’ Blood and Urine,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 15, p. 4771, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.3390/molecules27154771.
Copyright (c) 2026 Medika Alkhairaat: Jurnal Penelitian Kedokteran dan Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Medika Alkhairaat : Jurnal Penelitian Kedokteran dan Kesehatan agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant Journal Medika Alkhairaat right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) that allows others to remix, adapt, build upon the work non-commercially with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in Journal Medika Alkhairaat.
2. Authors are permitted to copy and redistribute the journal’s published version of the work non-commercially (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in Journal Medika Alkhairaat.
